Urease can efficiently catalyze urea decomposition and produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. Limiting urease activity can effectively regulate urea decomposition process.In animal husbandry,ruminant urease can lead to excessive nitrogen emission.In this paper,the structural characteristics of urease activity center in bacteria,the mechanism of urease hydrolysis and the mechanism of urease activity regulation by inhibitors were reviewed,providing theoretical basis for effective regulation of urease activity and ideas for the development of new inhibitors.
XIONG Zhanbo
,
ZHAO Shengguo
,
WANG Jiaqi
. Mechanism and Regulation of Urea Decomposition by Bacterial Urease[J]. China Dairy, 2021
, 0(9)
: 3
-7
.
DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.21.09.02
[1] Jimenez M D,Adamian L,Shi D,et al.Lysine carboxylation: unveiling a spontaneous post-translational modification. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr,2014,70(Pt 1):48-57.
[2] Mazzei L,Musiani F,Ciurli S.The structure-based reaction mechanism of urease, a nickel dependent enzyme: tale of a long debate[J]. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry,2020, 25(6):829-845.
[3] Maroney M J,Ciurli S.Nonredox nickel enzymes[J]. Chemical Reviews,2014,114(8):4206-4228.
[4] Kertz F A.Review: urea feeding to dairy cattle:a historical perspective and review[J]. Professional Animal Scientist,2010,26(3):257-272.
[5] Lobley G E,Bremner D M,Zuur G.Effects of diet quality on urea fates in sheep as assessed by refined, non-invasive [15N15N]urea kinetics.[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2000, 84(4):459-468.
[6] Hagenkamp K F,Haeussermann A,Hartung E,et al.Reduction of ammonia emissions from dairy manure using novel urease inhibitor formulations under laboratory conditions[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2015,130:43-51.
[7] Dawar K,Fahad S,Jahangir M M R,et al. Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil[J].Scientific reports, 2021,11(1):17413.
[8] Mazzei L,Contaldo U,Musiani F,et al.Inhibition of urease,a Ni-Enzyme:the reactivity of a key thiol with monoand di﹕ubstituted catechols elucidated by kinetic, structural and theoretical studies[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2020,60(11):6029-6035.
[9] Righetto R D,Anton L,Adaixo R,et al.High-resolution cryo-EM structure of urease from the pathogen yersinia enterocolitica[J]. Nature Communications,2020,11(1):5873.
[10] Mazzei L,Cianci M,Benini S,et al.The structure of the elusive urease-urea complex unveils the mechanism of a paradigmatic nickel-dependent enzyme[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2019,58(22):7415-7419.
[11] Mazzei L,Cianci M,Benini S,et al.The impact of pH on catalytically critical protein conformational changes:the case of the urease,a nickel enzyme[J]. Chemistry,2019, 25(52):12145-12158.
[12] Blakeley R L,Hinds J A,Kunze H E,et al.Jack bean urease (EC 3.5.1.5). demonstration of a carbamoyl-transferreaction and inhibition by hydroxamic acids[J]. Biochemistry,1969,8(5):1991-2000.
[13] Dixon N E,Blakeley R L,Zerner B.Jack bean urease (EC 3.5.1.5). I. a simple dry ashing procedure for the microdetermination of trace metals in proteins. the nickel content of urease[J]. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry,1980,58(6):469-73.
[14] Park I S,Hausinger R P.Requirement of carbon dioxide for in vitro assembly of the urease nickel metallocenter[J]. Science,1995,267(5201):1156-1158.
[15] Todd M J,Hausinger R P.Competitive inhibitors of klebsiella aerogenes urease. Mechanisms of interaction with the nickel active site[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1989,264(27):15835-15842.
[16] Ciurli S,Marzadori C,Benini S,et al.Urease from the soil bacterium bacillus pasteurii: immobilization on Ca-polygalacturonate[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28(6):811-817.
[17] Morrison J F,Walsh C T.The behavior and significance of slow-binding enzyme inhibitors[J]. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology ,1988,61:201-301.
[18] Stemmler A J, Kampf J W, Kirk M L, et al.A model for the inhibition of urease by hydroxamates[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1995,117(23):6368-6369.
[19] Gibney B R, Kessissoglou D P, Kampf J W,et al.Copper(II) 12-metallacrown-4: synthesis,structure,ligand variability,and solution dynamics in the 12-MC-4 structural motif[J]. Inorganic Chemistry,1994,33(22):4840-4849.
[20] Karplus P A,Pearson M A,Hausinger R P.70 years of crystalline urease:what have we learned?[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research,1997,30(8):330-337.
[21] Pearson M A,Michel L O,Hausinger R P,et al.Structures of Cys319 variants and qcetohydroxamate-inhibited klebsiellaaerogenes urease[J]. Biochemistry,1997,36(26):8164-8172.