In the process of the development of dairy industry, there are new challenges, among which disease is the most serious impact, and it not only affects the growth and yield of cows, but also poses a threat to human health. In order to promote the development of dairy farming industry in China, this paper aims at the current common disease types in large-scale dairy farms, such as cow mastitis, mycoplasma pneumonia, limb and hoof disease, reproductive disorders, taking the clinical manifestations of diseases as the starting point, and proposes the correct disease prevention and treatment methods. The results provide a theoretical reference for the accurate identification, prevention and treatment of diseases, reduce the impact of diseases on the growth and yield of dairy cows and milk products as much as possible, and promote the development of dairy farming industry in the direction of intensification and modernization.