[Purpose] To analyze the effects of silage on feed intake, production performance, and related biochemical indicators of cows. [Method] 100 healthy Chinese Holstein cows raised in Weifang City, Shandong Province were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into two groups. The effects of replacing dry rice straw with rice straw silage on feed intake, production performance, and related serum biochemical indicators of cows were compared and analyzed. [Result] There was no significant difference in feed intake between the two experimental groups of cows. The milk production of cows in the straw silage feed experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The milk protein and milk fat rates secreted by cows in the straw silage feed experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in the relevant serum biochemical indicators between the two experimental cows. [Conclusion] The use of rice straw silage feed in this study did not significantly affect the daily feed intake and related serum biochemical indicators of cows, but could significantly improve milk production performance and dairy product quality. This provides a reference for improving the production performance of cows and promoting the use of rice straw silage feed.