Dairy cattle breeding is a key link in the entire dairy industry chain. Guaranteeing the income of dairy cattle breeding is the premise and foundation for the development of the dairy industry, and it is also the guarantee for the sustainable development of the dairy industry. Based on the changes in the number of dairy cattle in different stages and the advanced breeding and dairy product processing technologies achieved in recent years, this paper summarizes the current situation of China's dairy cattle breeding industry, focuses on the intelligent breeding, integrated farming and ecological circulation breeding and other scientific and technological innovation cases of high-efficiency dairy cattle breeding, sorts out the existing problems, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for improving the production performance of dairy cattle, promoting the construction of smart farms, strengthening epidemic prevention and control, promoting cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing technologies, and developing moderate-scale breeding.