Industrial chain resilience serves as a crucial foundation for constructing a modern industrial system and ensuring industrial security. Based on the theoretical connotation of industrial chain resilience, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the resilience of the dairy industry chain from three dimensions: resistance capacity, recovery capacity, and transformation capacity. The entropy weight method is employed to measure the resilience of China's dairy industry chain from 2013 to 2022, and the obstacle degree model is applied to analyze its influencing factors. The results indicated that: （1）The resilience of China's dairy industry chain shows an overall fluctuating upward trend, with significant improvements in resistance capacity but slower growth in recovery and transformation capacities. （2）There are notable differences in industrial chain resilience across production regions, ranking as follows: North China > Northeast and Inner Mongolia > areas surrounding large cities > Southern China > Western China. （3）Key obstacles influencing industrial chain resilience include milk production, dairy cattle inventory, rural road density, R&D investment level, and import dependency, with influencing factors exhibiting heterogeneity across different regions. Based on these findings, this paper proposes recommendations such as promoting the coordinated development of advanced manufacturing clusters, accelerating the enhancement of weak links in the industrial chain, and exploring new service-oriented manufacturing formats, aiming to comprehensively improve the resilience of China's dairy industry chain and foster high-quality development in the dairy sector.