With the rapid development of economy and technology, China's dairy industry has achieved high-quality development driven by industrial upgrading and technological innovation. The dairy product quality and safety supervision system has been continuously improved, relevant laws and regulations have become increasingly sound, and supervision capacity and efficiency have been significantly enhanced, laying a solid foundation for the healthy development of the industry and the protection of public health. At present, the dairy industry maintains a good momentum of large-scale and diversified development, but the application of science and technology and the evolution of industrial forms have also brought a few new regulatory challenges. In addition, there is an inherent lag in legal practice, and the supervision mechanism still has room for refinement and optimization. Improving the dairy product quality and safety supervision mechanism is of great significance for consolidating supervision results, improving governance levels, and promoting the sustainable development of the industry. Based on the perspective of multi-center governance, this paper analyzed the current situation of dairy product quality and safety supervision in China, focused on the optimization space in terms of the definition of departmental responsibilities, information sharing mechanisms, market access and recall systems, and the participation of industry associations, and proposes systematic and collaborative governance paths combined with typical cases, so as to help build a scientific, efficient and socially co-governed new pattern of dairy product safety supervision.