Abstract: This paper systematically reviewed the current status of yak breeding in three core production areas—Gannan and Sunan in Gansu Province,and Qinghai Province. It analyzed the constraining factors in yak breeding from five dimensions: germplasm selection and breeding,mating management,nutritional supply,promotion of reproductive technologies,and molecular genetics. A four-tier technical system is constructed,comprising breed selection within conservation areas,directional crossbreeding in agro-pastoral transitional zones,precision estrus mating,and modern embryo-assisted reproduction. Additionally,supporting management schemes for breeding,disease prevention,and grassland stewardship optimized for alpine environments were proposed. Targeted long-term development countermeasures were put forward,including improved germplasm exchange,technology dissemination to grassroots levels,molecular breeding empowerment,and forage-livestock integration. The aim was to refine a differentiated yak breeding technology system for alpine pastoral areas,address the pain points of self-breeding and inbreeding depression in pastoral regions,enhance yak reproductive efficiency and the supply capacity of improved breeds,and promote the development of the plateau yak industry toward ecological sustainability,standardization,and high quality.

Key words: alpine pastoral areas, yak breeding, breed selection within indigenous populations, artificial insemination, embryo-assisted reproduction, reproductive regulation