China Dairy ›› 2025, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (11): 58-65.doi: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.11.07

• CHINA EXCELLENT MILK PROJECT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Detection of Holstein Milk Adulteration in Specialty Milk Using a Miniaturized Near-infrared Spectrometer

YAO shule1,2, HU Yufeng1,2, SONG Xiaodong2, ZHENG Nan1,2, WANG Jiaqi1,2, ZHAO Shengguo1,2,*   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding,Institute of Animal Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193;
    2 Key Laboratory of Dairy Quality Digital Intelligence Monitoring Technology,State Administration for Market Regulation,Beijing 100193
  • Published:2025-12-22

Abstract: [Objective] This study explored using miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to detect Holstein milk adulteration in specialty milks. [Method] Spectral data of camel,yak,buffalo,goat milk,and their adulterated samples with Holstein milk were collected via miniaturized transmissive and reflective NIR spectrometers. Then,quantitative models were built with partial least squares regression,while qualitative models were developed using support vector machine (SVM) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). [Result] Quantitative models showed good predictive ability. Transmissive predictive models achieved a coefficient of determination(R²) of 0.78~0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.31~13.68,while reflective ones got 0.89~0.98 and 4.68~9.77,respectively. In qualitative analysis,SVM outperformed LDA in classification. Transmissive-spectrum SVM reached 90.91%~100.00% accuracy,and reflective-spectrum SVM 80.00%~100.00%. [Conclusion] This study indicated that miniaturized NIR spectrometers,as fast and convenient detection tools,hold great application potential. The devices enable on-site and real-time detection of milk adulteration,offering strong technical support for dairy quality control and market regulation.

Key words: near-infrared spectroscopy, specialty milk, adulteration, Holstein milk, discrimination models

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