体外受精（In Vitro Fertilization,IVF）等复杂技术的发展需要多年的试验,有时需要比较几个物种,以了解如何为卵母细胞、精子和早期胚胎创造合适的体外环境。配子生理机能和配子交互作用等物种特征是最近才进化出来的性状,必须在各自物种的背景下加以分析。世界首例试管婴儿Louise Brown出生后的近40 年里,IVF技术取得了很大进步,目前已在世界各地多种家养和非家养动物物种中得到应用。但这并不意味着该技术完全成熟或令人满意,还有许多问题需要解决,还有若干程序需要优化。自从IVF技术允许商业化开发以后,奶牛IVF的发展尤其引人关注,其使用规模堪比人类的体外受精（数百万新生儿）。犊牛甚至是胚胎的基因组选择与性别鉴定和冷冻技术相结合,正推动奶牛IVF进入一个新时代。本文回顾了过去40 年奶牛IVF取得的成绩和存在的困难,并提出了未来几年所面临的挑战。
蔡高占, 张汝美, 王亚琴, 黄国锋, 李俊婷, 刘小涛, 姚文龙, 周浩, 李建斌, 仲跻峰
. 基因组选择背景下奶牛体外受精的40 年[J]. 中国乳业, 2021
, 0(6)
: 16
-22
.
DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.21.06.03
The development of complex technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) needs many years of experiments,sometimes it is necessary to compare several species,to understand how to create a suitable in vitro environment for oocytes,sperm and early embryos.The physiological function of gametes and gamete interaction are recently evolved traits,which must be analyzed in the context of each species.In the past 40 years after Louis Brown was born,IVF technology has made great progress and has been applied in a variety of domestic and non domestic animal species all over the world. However,this does not mean that the technology is completely mature or satisfactory.There are still many problems to be solved and some programs to be optimized.Since IVF technology was allowed to be commercialized,the development of cow IVF has attracted special attention.Its scale of use is comparable to that of human IVF (millions of newborns).The combination of genomic selection,sex identification and cryopreservation of calves and even embryos is pushing IVF into a new era.This paper reviews the success and shortcomings of IVF in cattle in the past 40 years, and describes the challenges to be overcome in the next few years.
[1] Hasler, John F.Forty years of embryo transfer in cattle: A review focusing on the journal Theriogenology, the growth of the industry in North America, and personal reminisces[J]. Theriogenology. 2014, 81(1): 152-169.
[2] Daub K, Lindemann S, Langer H, et al.The history of assisted human conception with especial reference to endocrinology.[J]. Experimental & Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 1996, 104(03): 183-204.
[3] Brackett B G, Daniel B, Boice M L, et al.Normal development following in vitro fertilization in the cow.[J]. Biology of Reproduction. 1982(1): 147-158.
[4] Parrish, John J.Bovine in vitro fertilization: in vitro oocyte maturation and sperm capacitation with heparin.[J]. Theriogenology. 2014, 81(1): 67-73.
[5] Parrish J J, Susko-Parrish J L, Leibfried-Rutledge M L, et al. Bovine in vitro fertilization with frozen-thawed semen[J]. Theriogenology. 1986, 25(4): 591-600.
[6] Edwards R G.Maturation in vitro of Mouse, Sheep, Cow, Pig, Rhesus Monkey and Human Ovarian Oocytes[J]. Nature. 1965, 208(5008): 349-351.
[7] Felmer R N, Arias M E, Mu Oz G A, et al. Effect of different sequential and two-step culture systems on the development, quality, and RNA expression profile of bovine blastocysts produced in vitro.[J]. Molecular Reproduction & Development. 2011, 78(6): 403-414.
[8] Lu K H, Gordon I, Gallagher M, et al.Pregnancy established in cattle by transfer of embryos derived from in vitro fertilisation of oocytes matured in vitro.[J]. Veterinary Record. 1987, 121(11): 259.
[9] Ball G D, Leibfried M L, Ax R L, et al.Maturation and fertilization of bovine oocytes in vitro[J]. Journal of Dairy Science. 1984, 67(11): 2775-2785.
[10] Leemans B, Gadella B M, Stout T, et al.Why doesn't conventional IVF work in the horse? The equine oviduct as a microenvironment for capacitation/fertilization[J]. Reproduction. 2016, 152(6): R233.
[11] Douville G, Sirard M A.Changes in granulosa cells gene expression associated with growth, plateau and atretic phases in medium bovine follicles[J]. Journal of Ovarian Research. 2014, 7.
[12] Dias F, Khan M, Sirard M A, et al.Differential gene expression of granulosa cells after ovarian superstimulation in beef cattle.[J]. Reproduction. 2013, 146(2): 181-191.
[13] Nivet A L, Bunel A, Labrecque R, et al.FSH withdrawal improves developmental competence of oocytes in the bovine model[J]. Reproduction. 2012, 143(2): 165-171.
[14] Khan D R, Landry D A, Fournier É, et al.Transcriptome meta-analysis of three follicular compartments and its correlation with ovarian follicle maturity and oocyte developmental competence in cows[J]. Physiological Genomics. 2016, 48(8): 633-643.
[15] Lonergan P, Fair T.In vitro-produced bovine embryos: dealing with the warts.[J]. Theriogenology. 2008, 69(1): 17-22.
[16] Cagnone G, Sirard M A.The embryonic stress response to in vitro culture: insight from genomic analysis[J]. Reproduction. 2016: 16-391.
[17] Sirard A. M.The influence of in vitro fertilization and embryo culture on the embryo epigenetic constituents and the possible consequences in the bovine model[J]. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health & Disease. 2017: 1.
[18] Yum S Y, Youn K Y, Choi W J, et al.Development of genome engineering technologies in cattle: from random to specific[J]. Journal of Animal Science & Biotechnology. 2018, 9(1): 16.
