犊牛消化不良,又称消化不良性腹泻,是哺乳期犊牛胃肠消化机能障碍的总称,主要临床特征为腹泻,15 日龄以内常发。病初表现为单纯性消化不良,如果得不到及时救治则发展为中毒性消化不良,出现严重的水样腹泻甚至死亡。针对病因提前进行预防是有效防控本病的关键。本文从消化不良的机制出发,结合生产实践从母牛饲养管理、犊牛接生和饲养环境、犊牛饲养管理及犊牛应激四个方面阐述生产环节上可能导致消化不良的原因,强调了母牛干奶期管理、犊牛初乳管理、饲养环境管理和防控应激的重要性。
Calf dyspepsia,also known as indigestive diarrhea,is a general term for a disorder of gastrointestinal digestive function with diarrhea within 15 days. At the beginning of the disease,it was mild form dyspepsia. If it was not cured in time,it was developed into toxic form dyspepsia with water stool. The prevention against etiology is the key to effective prevention and control of dyspepsia. This review starts from the mechanism of dyspepsia,connecting cow feeding management,calf feeding management,feeding environment hygiene and stress together to explain the reasons for dyspepsia. The importance of cow management during the dry period, colostrum management,environmental management,and prevention and control stress was emphasized.
[1] Feeding Low Protein Diets to Dairy Cows[EB/OL].https://extension.psu.edu/feeding-low-protein-diets-to-dairy-cows, 2016-05-05.
[2] Grant D, Steve E, Vickie C. Weak Calf Syndrome in Beef Cattle Herds. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Weak-Calf-Syndrome-in-Beef-Cattle-Herds[EB/OL], 2014-09-unknow.
[3] Nektarios G, Evanthia P, Nikolaos P, et al.Abortions in three beef cattle herds attributed to selenium deficiency[J]. Pakistan Veterinary Journal,2016,36(2):145-148.
[4] Godden S M,Lombard J E, Woolums A R.Colostrum management for dairy Calves[J]. The Veterinary Clinics of North America-Food Animal Practice, 2019,35(3):535-556.
[5] Overton T R, Waldron M R.Nutritional management of transition dairy cows:strategies to optimize metabolic health[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(supp-S):E105-E119.
[6] Cobirka M,Tancin V,Slama P.Epidemiology and classification of mastitis[J]. Animals-Basel,2020,10(12): 2212.
[7] Martins L,Barcelos M M,Cue R I,et al.Chronic subclinical mastitis reduces milk and components yield at the cow level[J]. Journal of Dairy Research,2020,87(3):298-305.
[8] Djokovic R,Ilic Z,Kurcubic V,et al.Diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows[J]. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2019,35(2):111-125.
[9] 肖定汉,李兰华,孙莹,等.初乳中酮体、白细胞数量变化与初生犊牛腹泻的关系[J].畜牧与兽医,1987(6):245-247.
[10] Duffield T F,Lissemore K D,McBride B W,et al. Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(2): 571-80.
[11] Ortega B A,Cotty J.Influence of Wounding and Temperature on Resistance of Maize Landraces From Mexico to Aflatoxin Contamination[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2020,11: 572264.
[12] Oliver J P,Gooch C A, Lansing S,et al.Invited review:fate of antibiotic residues,antibiotic-resistant bacteria,and antibiotic resistance genes in US dairy manure management systems[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2020,103(2):1051-1071.
[13] Penati M,Sala G,Biscarini F,et al.Feeding pre-weaned calves with waste milk containing antibiotic residues is related to a higher incidence of diarrhea and alterations in the fecal microbiota[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021,8:650150.
[14] Heinrichs A J,Jones C M,Erickson PS,et al.Symposium review:colostrum management and calf nutrition for profitable and sustainable dairy farms[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2020,103(6):5694-5699.
[15] Calf Nutrition. https://dairy-cattle.extension.org/raising-dairy-replacementscalf-nutrition/[EB/OL],2019-08-16.
[16] Donna M,Amaral P,Patty B,et al. Feeding and managing baby calves from birth to 3 months of age. https://beef-cattle.extension.org/feeding-and-managing-baby-calves-from-birth-to-3-months-of-age/[EB/OL],2019-09-03.
[17] Guzman C E,Wood J L,Egidi E,et al.A pioneer calf foetus microbiome[J]. Scientific Reports,2020,10(1):17712.
[18] Malmuthuge N,Liang G,Griebel P J,et al.Taxonomic and functional compositions of the small intestinal microbiome in neonatal calves provide a framework for understanding early life gut health[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2019,85(6):e02534-18.
[19] Kertz A F,Hill M, Quigley J D,et al.A 100-year review:calf nutrition and management[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017,100(12):10151-10172.
[20] Creutzinger K,Pempek J,Habing G, et al.Perspectives on the management of surplus dairy calves in the united states and canada[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2021,8:661453.
[21] Björkman C,von Brömssen C,Troell K,et al. Disinfection with hydrated lime may help manage cryptosporidiosis in calves[J]. Veterinary Parasitology,2018,264:58-63.
[22] Nordlund K V, Halbach C E.Calf barn design to optimize health and ease of management[J]. The Veterinary Clinics Of North America-Food Animal Practice,2019,35(1): 29-45.
[23] Whalin L,Weary D M,von Keyserlingk M A G. Understanding behavioural development of calves in natural settings to inform calf management[J]. Animals-Basel,2021,11(8):2446.
