为进一步了解我国规模化奶牛场奶牛营养与饲喂管理现状,本研究基于对我国23 个省（区、市）320 个规模奶牛场的饲料原料种植、饲料配方制作、奶牛舒适度、生产性能测定等情况的调研,比较分析不同规模和不同地区奶牛场的奶牛营养与饲喂管理现状。结果显示：不同规模、不同地区奶牛场种植基地情况差异较大,但都以种植青贮玉米为主。奶牛场饲料配方以奶牛场专职营养师设计和预混料企业营养师设计为主,且环保饲料应用多样。目前奶牛场卧床垫料以沙子和牛粪为主,更加注重通过改善卧床条件提高奶牛的舒适度。调研奶牛场对DHI的接受程度普遍较高,且奶牛场规模越大,DHI检测执行情况越好。建议根据地区特点选择适宜的饲料原料种植品种,加强优质青贮饲料制作技术的推广培训。生产中要充分发挥环保型饲料添加剂的协同使用效果,提高饲料利用效率。应进一步提高中小规模奶牛场对DHI测定的应用,完善生产基础数据信息,为奶牛场改善饲养管理提供科学依据。

In order to further understand the current status of nutrition and feeding management of dairy cows in large-scale dairy farms in China, this study was based on the investigation of feed raw material planting, feed formula production, cow comfort level and performance measurement of 320 large-scale dairy farms in 23 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, and compared and analyzed the current status of nutrition and feeding management of dairy cows in different sizes and regions. The planting bases of dairy farms in different scales and regions were quite different, but they were mainly planted silage corn. The feed formulation of dairy farms is mainly designed by full-time nutritionists on pasture and premix enterprise nutritionists, and the application of environmentally friendly feed is diverse. At present, sand and cow manure are the main bedding materials for bed rest in dairy farms, and more attention is paid to improving the comfort of cows by improving the bed rest conditions. The acceptance of DHI among surveyed dairy farms is generally high, and the larger the scale of dairy farms, the better the implementation of DHI testing. It is suggested to select suitable feed raw materials according to the regional characteristics and strengthen the promotion and training of high-quality silage production technology. In production, we should give full play to the synergistic use effect of environmentally friendly feed additives and improve feed utilization efficiency. It is necessary to further improve the application of DHI measurement in small and medium-sized dairy farms, complate the basic production data information, and provide scientific basis for dairy farms to improve feeding management.