[目的]探讨影响奶牛受胎率的关键因素,确保优良性状有效传递并提高整体繁殖效率。[方法]收集并分析某规模化奶牛场的繁殖数据,系统评估配种月份、累计胎次和子宫修复质量对受胎率的影响。[结果]1月、9月、10月和12月奶牛的受胎率显著高于其他月份,而7月与8月表现较低受胎率,这些月份间差异显著（P<0.05）。进一步分析显示,首次生产的奶牛（1 胎次）相较多胎次奶牛受胎率更高,差异显著（P<0.05）。此外,奶牛产后子宫修复状态对受胎率有重要影响,其中子宫无化脓且修复良好的奶牛展现出更高受胎率。[结论]在奶牛繁育过程中,合理选择配种月份、优先选适宜胎次的奶牛,重视产后子宫的修复管理,对于促进奶牛优良性状的筛选与遗传、提升奶牛种群的整体繁殖效率具有关键性作用。
[Objective] To explore the key factors affecting the fertility of dairy cows, to ensure the effective transmission of good traits and to improve the overall reproductive efficiency. [Method] Reproduction data from a large-scale dairy farm were collected and analysed to systematically assess the effects of month of breeding, cumulative litter size and quality of uterine repair on conception rate. [Result] The conception rate of cows in January, September, October and December was significantly higher than that of other months, while July and August showed lower conception rates, with significant differences （P<0.05） between these months. Further analyses showed that first time cows （1 lactation） had higher conception rate compared to multiple lactation cows, which was significantly different （P<0.05）. In addition, the state of uterine repair after parturition had a significant effect on conception rate, with cows with a well repaired uterus free of sepsis showing a higher conception rate. [Conclusion] In the process of cow breeding, reasonable selection of breeding month, priority selection of cows with appropriate litter size, and attention to post-partum uterine repair management are crucial to promote the selection and inheritance of excellent traits and improve the overall reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle populations.
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