本研究基于2024年9月烟台地区17 个规模化奶牛场的实地调查数据,系统分析口蹄疫（OA型）强制免疫对奶牛繁殖性能的短期影响及其恢复规律。[结果]表明,免疫后1 周内奶牛发情率、配种率和受胎率分别下降14.3%、9.8%和8.5%,流产率略有上升;免疫后1 个月各项繁殖指标基本恢复至免疫前水平。免疫应激、操作规范性及疫苗佐剂是影响繁殖性能的主要因素。研究进一步发现,卫生消毒频率与免疫后繁殖指标恢复速度呈正相关。基于此,提出“分群免疫、错峰配种”“强化营养与发情监测”“构建全方位消毒体系”等优化建议,以减轻免疫对繁殖性能的负面影响,提升秋季口蹄疫防疫效果与奶牛繁殖效率。

This study was based on field survey data from 17 large-scale dairy farms in the Yantai region in September 2024,systematically analyzing the short-term effects and recovery patterns of mandatory foot-and-mouth disease（type OA）vaccination on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The results showed that within one week after vaccination, the estrus rate, breeding rate, and conception rate of dairy cows decreased by 14.3%, 9.8%, and 8.5%, respectively, while the abortion rate slightly increased. One month after vaccination, all reproductive indicators essentially returned to pre-vaccination levels.Vaccination stress, operational standardization, and vaccine adjuvants were identified as the main factors affecting reproductive performance. The study further found a positive correlation between the frequency of sanitary disinfection and the recovery speed of reproductive indicators post-vaccination. Based on these findings, optimization recommendations such as “group-based vaccination and staggered breeding”“enhanced nutrition and estrus monitoring”,and “establishing a comprehensive disinfection system” are proposed to mitigate the negative impact of vaccination on reproductive performance and improve the effectiveness of autumn foot-and-mouth disease prevention and dairy cow reproductive efficiency.