秋季是奶牛疫病高发期,科学防疫对保障牛群健康至关重要,但防疫操作可能引发奶牛生理、免疫及化学应激,干扰内分泌系统,改变能量分配,进而降低繁殖性能。本文系统分析了秋季防疫对奶牛繁殖的影响机制,包括应激导致的内分泌紊乱、免疫激活引发的营养竞争及健康问题对繁殖的间接负面影响,并提出协同管理策略：通过优化防疫程序（错峰操作、低应激疫苗与药物选择）、加强营养调控（提升能量与关键营养素供给）、实施繁殖监测与激素干预、细化操作流程以减轻应激,实现健康保障与繁殖效率的协同提升,为奶牛场秋季管理提供理论依据与实践指导。
Autumn is a high-incidence period for dairy cow diseases, making scientific disease prevention crucial for maintaining herd health. However, preventive measures may induce physiological, immune, and chemical stress in cows, disrupting the endocrine system, altering energy allocation, and consequently reducing reproductive performance. This paper systematically analyzed the mechanisms through which autumn disease prevention affects dairy cow reproduction, including stress-induced endocrine disorders, nutrient competition triggered by immune activation, and indirect negative impacts of health issues on reproduction. Integrated management strategies are proposed：optimizing prevention procedures （staggered operations, low-stress vaccines and medications）, enhancing nutritional regulation （increasing energy and key nutrient supply）,implementing reproductive monitoring and hormonal interventions, and refining operational procedures to mitigate stress. These measures aim to synergistically improve both health protection and reproductive efficiency, providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for dairy farm management in autumn.
[1] 北京商报网.国家统计局:2023年全年牛奶产量4197万吨,增长6.7%[EB/OL].https://www.bbtnews.com.cn/2024/0118/501650.shtml,2024-01-18.
[2] Fourichon C,Seegers H,Malher X .Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow:A meta-analysis[J].Theriogenology,2000,53(9):1729-1759.
[3] Grooms D L.Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus[J].Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract,2004,20(1):5-19.
[4] Hessman B E,Fulton R W,Sjeklocha D B,et al.Evaluation of economic effects and the health and performance of the general cattle population after exposure to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in a starter feedlot[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,2009,70(1):73-85.
[5] Dobson H,Smith R F,Royal M D,et al.The high-producing dairy cow and its reproductive performance.[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2010,42(s2):17-23.
[6] 罗生金. 奶牛饲养管理与繁育技术[J].黑龙江动物繁殖,2021,29(4):42-48.
[7] 波拉提·阿依提江.奶牛常见寄生虫病的临床症状及防控[J].兽医导刊,2021(15):26-27.
[8] 王正荣,薄新文.石河子地区奶牛主要内寄生虫感染情况的调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2013,49(7):41-43.
[9] 李泽军. 奶牛寄生虫感染及药物防治[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2020(5):98.
[10] Hemsworthlt P H,Barnett J L,Coleman G J.The Human-Animal Relationship in Agriculture and its Consequences for the Animal[J].Animal Welfare,1993,2(1):33-51.
[11] Kvidera S K,Horst E A,Abuajamieh M,et al.Glucose requirements of an activated immune system in lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(3):2360-2374.
[12] Carroll J A,Forsberg N E .Influence of Stress and Nutrition on Cattle Immunity[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice,2007,23(1):105-149.DOI:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.01.003.
[13] Ingvartsen K L,Moyes K .Nutrition,immune function and health of dairy cattle[J].Animal, 2013, 7(s1):112-122.
[14] Linn J.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[C]//National Research Council,Washington Dc.1989.
[15] Butler W R.Energy balance relationships with follicular development,ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows[J].Livestock Production Science,2003,83(2-3):211-218.
[16] Sordillo L M,Aitken S L .Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2009,128(1-3):104-109.
[17] Spears J W,Weiss W P .Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows[J].The Veterinary Journal,2008,176(1):70-76.
[18] 搜狐.细说奶牛子宫内膜炎的危害、症状、发病原因以及防治措施[EB/OL].https://www.sohu.com/a/380516518_100064693,2020-03-16.
[19] 牧通人才网.张俊杰:乳房炎不仅影响产奶量还影响繁殖性能[EB/OL].http://www.xumurc.com/main/ShowNews_50270.html,2016-12-30.
[20] 李胜利. 现代奶牛营养学[M].北京:科学出版社,2020.
[21] 刘佳佳,易海波,余雄.轻音乐对奶牛产奶量及血液激素水平的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2014,41(10):100-103.
