[目的]系统掌握牡丹江市规模化牧场奶牛养殖关键指标现状,识别养殖管理中的优势与短板,为提升区域奶牛养殖生产效益与可持续发展水平提供科学依据。[方法]2024年4月,以牡丹江市某规模化牧场为研究对象,通过实地调查收集牛群结构、繁殖性能、疾病发生、死淘情况及泌乳性能等核心数据,与国内及黑龙江省同期平均水平进行对比分析。[结果]该牧场牛群结构偏年轻化且逐步趋于稳定,期初后备牛占比29.0%,期末32.2%;繁殖性能整体处于国内中等水平,同期发情与自然发情妊娠率分别为43.9%和39.1%,产犊间隔382 天;疾病防控成效显著,乳房疾病和外科疾病发病率较低,但产科疾病占比高达50.24%,内科疾病发病率25.70%;死淘率略高于行业平均水平,干奶牛死淘率最高（33.1%）,泌乳牛与青年牛分别为26.2%和25.1%;泌乳性能存在提升空间,平均日产奶量（29.3 kg）高于全国平均水平,但305 天产奶量8 864 kg,乳脂率3.79%、乳蛋白率3.32%,均低于全国或黑龙江省平均水平。[结论]该牧场在牛群结构优化、部分疾病防控方面具备基础优势,但在繁殖效率提升、产科与内科疾病防控、泌乳性能优化等方面仍需改进。建议通过强化繁殖精准管理、优化疾病防控体系、科学调整饲料配方及规范挤奶操作等措施,全面提升牧场养殖效益与生产水平。

[Objective] To systematically grasp the current status of key indicators for dairy cow breeding in large-scale pastures in Mudanjiang City,identify strengths and weaknesses in breeding management,and provide a scientific basis for improving regional dairy farming production efficiency and sustainable development levels. [Method] In April 2024,a large-scale pasture in Mudanjiang City was selected as the research subject. Core data including herd structure,reproductive performance,disease incidence, culling/mortality rates,and lactation performance were collected through on-site investigation and compared with the national and Heilongjiang Province averages for the same period. [Result] The herd structure of the pasture was relatively young but gradually stabilizing. The proportion of heifers at the beginning of the period was 29.0%,32.2% by the end. Overall reproductive performance was at a medium level domestically. Pregnancy rates for timed artificial insemination and natural estrus were 43.9% and 39.1%, respectively. The calving interval was 382 days. Disease prevention and control achieved significant results,with low incidence rates for mammary and surgical diseases. However,obstetric diseases accounted for a high proportion （50.24%）,and the incidence rate of internal medical diseases was 25.70% .The culling/mortality rate was slightly higher than the industry average. Dry cows had the highest rate （33.1%）,followed by lactating cows （26.2%）and heifers （25.1%）. Lactation performance had room for improvement. The average daily milk yield（29.3 kg）was higher than the national average,while the 305-day milk yield was 88 64 kg,milk fat percentage was 3.79%,and milk protein percentage was 3.32%,all lower than the national or Hei longjiang Province averages. [Conclusion] The pasture has foundational advantages in herd structure optimization and prevention/control of certain diseases. However,improvements are still needed in reproductive efficiency enhancement,obstetric and internal medical disease prevention/control, and lactation performance optimization.It is recommended to comprehensively enhance pasture breeding efficiency and production levels by strengthening precise reproductive management,optimizing the disease prevention and control system,scientifically adjusting feed formulations,and standardizing milking operations.