As the highest tier in the breeding and multiplication system for breeding livestock,the optimization of breeding strategies for nucleus herds is of decisive significance for improving the efficiency of genetic improvement,maintaining population genetic diversity,and ensuring long-term economic benefits in breeding. In recent years,with the rapid development of genomic selection, precision reproductive management,and emerging biotechnologies,significant progress has been made in the research on breeding strategies for nucleus herds. However,key challenges remain, including the increasing complexity of genetic evaluation models,the dynamic optimization of selection and mating schemes,and the balance between reproductive efficiency and genetic progress. This paper systematically reviewed the definition and functional positioning of nucleus herds,summarized the latest research advances in genetic evaluation technologies,selection and mating method,reproductive management technologies,and biotechnological applications. Furthermore,drawing on practical cases from both domestic and international contexts,it analyzed the limitations of current strategies and proposed future directions for optimization. This review aimed to provide systematic theoretical references and technical support for modern dairy and beef cattle breeding practices.
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