霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。
Mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by certain fungi. It is often found as a contaminant in feed and feed raw materials in dairy farming. The most commonly found mycotoxins are aflatoxin （AF）,fumonisin（FUM）,zearalenone （ZEN）,deoxynivalenol（DON）,T-2 toxin,and ochratoxin A（OTA）. When the concentration of mycotoxin in feed exceeds a certain level,it will cause many health problems such as immune suppression,hepatorenal toxicity,reproductive disorders and so on. In the process of growing,harvesting,processing and storage,dairy cows feed raw materials are inevitably contaminated by mildew. The detoxification method is the key control point to prevent mildew feed from harming the health of dairy cows. Physical,chemical and biological detoxification is the common technical measure to realize the detoxification of mycotoxin. Among them,physical adsorption and biodegradation have many advantages,such as safety,green,high removal rate and no destruction of feed nutrients,which have attracted more and more attention and are the focus and direction of research at home and abroad. This paper mainly introduced the biological characteristics,pathogenic mechanism,harm to dairy cows and physical,chemical and biological detoxification methods of mycotoxins commonly found in dairy cow feed,providing reference for the prevention and control of mycotoxins in dairy cow feed and the healthy breeding of dairy cows.
[1] 张俊楠,王金全,杨凡,等.饲料霉菌毒素生物降解研究进展[J].饲料工业,2019,40(21):51-58.
[2] 李孟孟,翟双双,王文策,等.饲料中霉菌毒素的危害及其降解方法研究进展[J].中国家禽,2016,38(5):37-41.
[3] 雷元培,周建川,郑文革,等.2019-2020年中国饲料原料和饲料中霉菌毒素污染调查报告[J].饲料工业,2022,43(20):59-64.
[4] 罗自生,秦雨,徐艳群,等.黄曲霉毒素的生物合成、代谢和毒性研究进展[J].食品科学,2015,36(3):250-257.
[5] Dilip K.Arora. Fungal biotechnology in agricultural,food,and environmental applications[M]. Taylor and Francis,CRC Press,2003.
[6] 赵志辉. 农产品和饲料中常见霉菌毒素的种类和危害[J].北京工商大学学报(自然科学版),2012,30(4):8-11.
[7] 张建梅,陈静,汪官保,等.饲料中几种主要霉菌毒素的危害及防治措施[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2012,33(Z1):74-78.
[8] Liu L,Xie M,Wei D.Biological detoxification of mycotoxins:current status and future advances[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2022,23(3):1064-1064.
[9] 王坤,李清州,胡骁飞,等.T2毒素人工抗原的合成及鼠源多克隆抗血清的制备[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(5):158-162.
[10] 徐瑾,伍松陵,常晓娇,等.伏马毒素生物合成和降解的研究进展[J].中国粮油学报,2013,28(7):119-123,128.
[11] 权英,詹月华,张根华,等.谷物中伏马毒素B1化学发光酶免疫检测[J].中国公共卫生,2011,27(5):552-553.
[12] 车玉媛,曹有才.一起奶牛霉菌毒素慢性中毒的诊断和治疗[J].养殖技术顾问,2014(4):207.
[13] Butler W H,Neal G E.Mode of action and human health aspects of aflatoxin carcinogenesis[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry,2013,49(11):1747-1751.
[14] Hamilton P B.Mycotoxins and animals Interactions of mycotoxins in animal production[J]. BioScience,1980,30(9): 618-618.
[15] Falkauskas R,Bakutis B,Jovaišienė J,et al.Zearalenone and Its metabolites in blood serum, urineand milk of dairy cows[J]. Animals,2022,12(13):1651-1653.
[16] Coppock R W .Apparent zearalenone intoxication in a dairy herd from feeding spoiled acid-treated corn.[J]. Veterinary and Human Toxicology,1990,32(3):246-8.
[17] Komsky-Elbaz A,Saktsier M,Roth Z.Aflatoxin B1 impairs sperm quality and fertilization competence[J]. Toxicology,2018(393):42-50.
[18] Jiang Y,Hansen PJ,Xiao Y,et al.Aflatoxin compromises development of the preim-plantation bovine embryo through mechanisms independent of reactive oxygen production[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2019(102):10506-10513.
[19] Min Li,Fink G J,Li D,et al.An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows[J]. Animal Nutrition,2021,7(1):42-48.
[20] Elliott C T,Connolly L,Kolawole O.Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure.[J]. Mycotoxin Research,2020,36(1):115-126.
[21] Carlos R M.Effect of the addition of saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell walls to diets with mycotoxins on the performance and immune responses of broilers[J]. The Journal of Poultry Science,2018,55(1):38-46.
[22] Chen G,Fang Q A,Liao Z L,et al.Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by a potential probiotic bacillus amyloliquefaciens WF2020[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology,2022(13):891091-891091.
[23] Imade F N,Humza M,Dada Q A,et al.Isolation and characterization of novel soil bacterium,Klebsiella pneumoniae strain GS7-1 for the degradation of zearalenone in major cereals[J]. Food Control,2023(143):109287.
[24] Zheng R.A Newly isolated alcaligenes faecalis ANSA176 with the capability of alleviating immune injury and inflammation through eficiently degrading ochratoxin A[J]. Toxins,2022,14(8):569-569.
[25] 刘艳丽,杨斌,常志顺,等.霉菌毒素脱毒的研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2012,39(1):85-88.
