奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害和脱毒技术

doi:10.12377/1671-4393.22.12.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。

关键词: 奶牛, 饲料, 霉菌毒素, 脱毒

Abstract: Mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by certain fungi. It is often found as a contaminant in feed and feed raw materials in dairy farming. The most commonly found mycotoxins are aflatoxin （AF）,fumonisin（FUM）,zearalenone （ZEN）,deoxynivalenol（DON）,T-2 toxin,and ochratoxin A（OTA）. When the concentration of mycotoxin in feed exceeds a certain level,it will cause many health problems such as immune suppression,hepatorenal toxicity,reproductive disorders and so on. In the process of growing,harvesting,processing and storage,dairy cows feed raw materials are inevitably contaminated by mildew. The detoxification method is the key control point to prevent mildew feed from harming the health of dairy cows. Physical,chemical and biological detoxification is the common technical measure to realize the detoxification of mycotoxin. Among them,physical adsorption and biodegradation have many advantages,such as safety,green,high removal rate and no destruction of feed nutrients,which have attracted more and more attention and are the focus and direction of research at home and abroad. This paper mainly introduced the biological characteristics,pathogenic mechanism,harm to dairy cows and physical,chemical and biological detoxification methods of mycotoxins commonly found in dairy cow feed,providing reference for the prevention and control of mycotoxins in dairy cow feed and the healthy breeding of dairy cows.

Key words: dairy cow, feed, mycotoxin, detoxification

史杰, 李炳梅, 王永梅, 高素敏. 奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害和脱毒技术[J]. 中国乳业, 2022, 0(12): 46-51.

SHI Jie, LI Bingmei, WNG Yongmei, GAO Sumin. Toxicity and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Dairy Farming[J]. China Dairy, 2022, 0(12): 46-51.

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