[目的]体细胞是奶牛乳腺免疫系统的核心组成部分,其数量变化是衡量奶牛健康状况和生牛乳质量的关键指标。[方法]本文基于天津市某奶牛牧场2024年1月至2025年3月的生产性能测定数据,系统分析了体细胞数（SCC）与泌乳阶段、胎次、季节等因素的关联规律。[结果]体细胞数随奶牛胎次增加呈显著上升趋势,三胎及以上奶牛体细胞数超过50 万/mL的比例达46.2%;泌乳后期（121~150 天）体细胞数均值（29.6 万/mL）显著高于泌乳初期（30 天内,19.2 万mL）;夏季体细胞数（如2024年8月达41 万/mL）较春秋季高10%~30%,且高体细胞数与奶产量呈显著负相关（经t检验,p=0.0024<0.05）。[结论]本文结合国际国内体细胞数限值标准,深入剖析高体细胞数的成因与危害,并提出涵盖疾病防控、环境优化、饲养管理、挤奶规范等多维度的综合防控策略,为提升生牛乳质量与奶牛健康水平提供技术支撑。

[Objective] Somatic cells are a core component of the dairy cow mammary gland immune system,and their quantity variation serves as a key indicator for assessing cow health status and raw milk quality. [Method] Based on the performance test data from a dairy farm in Tianjin between January 2024 and March 2025,this study systematically analyzed the correlation patterns between somatic cell count（SCC）and factors such as lactation stage,parity,and season. [Result] The somatic cell count showed a significant upward trend with increasing cow parity,with the proportion of cows in their third parity or higher exceeding 500 000/mL reaching 46.2%. The mean SCC during late lactation（121~150 days,296 000/mL）was significantly higher than during early lactation （within 30 days,192,000/mL）.Summer SCC（e.g.,reaching 410 000/mL in August 2024）was 10%~30% higher than in spring and autumn,and high SCC exhibited a significant negative correlation with milk yield（t-test,p=0.0024<0.05）.[Conclusion] This study,in conjunction with international and domestic SCC limit standards,thoroughly examines the causes and hazards of high SCC and proposes a multidimensional comprehensive prevention strategy encompassing disease control,environmental optimization,feeding management,and milking protocols. The findings provided technical support for improving raw milk quality and dairy cow health.