[目的]本研究通过对双峰驼原料奶及养殖环境中真菌群落进行多样性分析,明确其群落结构与分布特征,探究真菌对驼乳品质的影响,为保障驼乳质量安全、优化养殖环境提供科学依据。[方法]本试验分别采集3 家骆驼养殖合作社的骆驼原料奶奶样、暂存罐奶样、奶罐车奶样,饲料、饲草、垫土各6 组样本,采用ITS 1扩增子测序技术对驼乳组及环境组样本真菌群落结构及多样性进行分析。[结果]18 组样本共获得5 476 597 条原始序列,4 580 307 条有效序列,80 251 个 ASVs。原料奶中主要优势真菌属为Acrogenospora,其次为Trichosporon,环境组中饲料的优势菌属是Aschersonia,饲草的优势菌属是Aspergillus,垫土的优势菌属是Acrogenospora,驼奶组与环境组样本中真菌优势菌门为Ascomycota、Basidiomycota,与驼乳组相比较,环境组真菌多样性差异显著（P<0.05）,不同采样点真菌群落结构存在一定差异,且菌群结构与丰度明显不同。[结论]3 个骆驼养殖合作社的驼乳及环境真菌多样性差异显著,部分真菌可降解驼乳中的蛋白质与脂肪从而影响奶品质。驼乳真菌群落组成与养殖环境密切相关,存在交叉污染风险,因此,加强环境管控与真菌监测可有效保障驼乳质量安全。
[Objective] This study conducted a diversity analysis of the fungal communities in raw milk of the bactrian camel and the environment where they are raised. The aim was to clarify the structure and distribution characteristics of the fungal communities,explore the impact of fungi on the quality of camel milk,and provide scientific basis for ensuring the quality and safety of camel milk and optimizing the breeding environment. [Method] In this experiment,raw camel milk samples,temporary storage tank milk samples,and milk tanker milk samples from camels,as well as six sets of samples each for feed,forage,and bedding soil,were collected from three camel breeding cooperatives. The ITS 1 amplification sequencing technology was used to analyze the fungal community structure and diversity of the camel milk group and environmental group samples. [Result] A total of 5 476 597 raw sequences and 4 580 307 valid sequences were obtained from 18 sample. 80 251 ASVs were identified. The main dominant fungal genera in raw milk samples was Acrogenospora,followed by Trichosporon. In the environmental group,the dominant genus was Aschersonia,in the forage was Aspergillus,and in the soil pad was Acrogenospora. In the camel milk group and the environmental group,the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Compared with the camel milk group,the fungal diversity in the environmental group showed significant differences（P<0.05）. There were certain differences in the fungal community structure among different sampling sites,and the community structure and abundance were significantly different. [Conclusion] There were significant differences in the diversity of camel milk and environmental fungi among the three camel breeding cooperatives. Some fungi could degrade the proteins and fats in camel milk,thereby affecting the quality of the milk. The composition of the camel milk fungal community is closely related to the breeding environment and there is a risk of cross-contamination. Therefore,trengthening environmental control and fungal monitoring can effectively ensure the quality of camel milk.
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