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《中国乳业》期刊学术不端行为界定标准
1 范围
本标准界定了《中国乳业》论文作者、审稿专家、编辑等所可能涉及的学术不端行为。
2 术语和定义
下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
剽窃：采用不当手段，窃取他人观点。
伪造：编造或虚构数据、事实的行为。
篡改：故意修改数据和事实使其失去真实性的行为。
不当署名：与对论文实际贡献不符的署名或作者排序行为。
一稿多投：将同一篇论文或只有微小差别的多篇论文投给两个及以上期刊，或者在约定期限内再投其他期刊的行为。
重复发表：在未说明的情况下重复发表自己（或自己作为作者之一）已经发表文献中内容的行为。
3 论文作者学术不端类型
3.1 剽窃
3.1.1 观点剽窃
不加引注或说明地使用他人的观点，并以自己的名义发表，应界定为观点剽窃。观点剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 不加引注地直接使用他人已发表文献中的论点、观点、结论等。
b) 不改变其本意地转述他人的论点、观点、结论等后不加引注地使用。
c) 对他人的论点、观点、结论等删减部分内容后不加引注地使用。
d) 对他人的论点、观点、结论等进行拆分或重组后不加引注地使用。
e) 对他人的论点、观点、结论等增加一些内容后不加引注地使用。
3.1.2 数据剽窃
不加引注或说明地使用他人已发表文献中的数据，并以自己名义发表的行为，应界定为数据剽窃。数据剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 不加引注地直接使用他人已发表文献中的数据。
b) 对他人已发表文献中的数据进行些微修改后不加引注地使用。
c) 对他人已发表文献中的数据进行一些添加后不加引注地使用。
d) 对他人已发表文献中的数据进行部分删减后不加引注地使用。
e) 改变他人已发表文献中数据原有的排列顺序后不加引注地使用。
f) 改变他人已发表文献中的数据的呈现方式后不加引注地使用，如将图表转换成文字表述，或者将文字表述转换成图表。
3.1.3 图片剽窃
不加引注或说明地使用他人已发表文献中的图片，并以自己的名义发表，应界定为图片剽窃。图片剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 不加引注或说明地直接使用他人已发表文献中的图像资料。
b) 对他人已发表文献中的图片进行些微修改后不加引注或说明地使用。
c) 对他人已发表文献中的图片添加一些内容后不加引注或说明地使用。
d) 对他人已发表文献中的图片删减部分内容后不加引注或说明地使用。
e) 对他人已发表文献中的图片增强部分内容后不加引注或说明地使用。
f) 对他人已发表文献中的图片弱化部分内容后不加引注或说明地使用。
3.1.4 研究（实验）方法剽窃
不加引注或说明地使用他人具有独创性的研究（实验）方法，并以自己的名义发表，应界定为研究（实验）方法剽窃。研究（实验）方法剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 不加引注或说明地直接使用他人已发表文献中具有独创性的研究（实验）方法。
b) 修改他人已发表文献中具有独创性的研究（实验）方法的一些非核心元素后不加引注或说明地使用。
3.1.5 文字表述剽窃
不加引注地使用他人已发表文献中具有完整语义的文字表述，并以自己的名义发表，应界定为文字表述剽窃。文字表述剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 不加引注地直接使用他人已发表文献中的文字表述。
b) 成段使用他人已发表文献中的文字表述，虽然进行了引注，但对所使用文字不加引号，或者不改变字体，或者不使用特定的排列方式显示。
c) 多处使用某一已发表文献中的文字表述，却只在其中一处或几处进行引注。
d) 连续使用来源于多个文献的文字表述，却只标注其中一个或几个文献来源。
e) 不加引注、不改变其本意地转述他人已发表文献中的文字表述，包括概括、删减他人已发表文献中的文字，或者改变他人已发表文献中的文字表述的句式，或者用类似词语对他人已发表文献中的文字表述进行同义替换。
f) 对他人已发表文献中的文字表述增加一些词句后不加引注地使用。
g) 对他人已发表文献中的文字表述删减一些词句后不加引注地使用。
3.1.6 整体剽窃
论文的主体或论文某一部分的主体过度引用或大量引用他人已发表文献的内容，应界定为整体剽窃。整体剽窃的表现形式包括：
a) 直接使用他人已发表文献的全部或大部分内容。
b) 在他人已发表文献的基础上增加部分内容后以自己的名义发表，如补充一些数据，或者补充一些新的分析等。
c) 对他人已发表文献的全部或大部分内容进行缩减后以自己的名义发表。
d) 替换他人已发表文献中的研究对象后以自己的名义发表。
e) 改变他人已发表文献的结构、段落顺序后以自己的名义发表。
f) 将多篇他人已发表文献拼接成一篇论文后发表。
3.2 伪造
伪造的表现形式包括：
a) 编造不以实际调查或实验取得的数据、图片等。
b) 伪造无法通过重复实验而再次取得的样品等。
c) 编造不符合实际或无法重复验证的研究方法、结论等。
d) 编造能为论文提供支撑的资料、注释、参考文献。
e) 编造论文中相关研究的资助来源。
f) 编造审稿人信息、审稿意见。
3.3 篡改
篡改的表现形式包括：
a) 使用经过擅自修改、挑选、删减、增加的原始调查记录、实验数据等，使原始调查记录、实验数据等的本意发生改变。
b) 拼接不同图片从而构造不真实的图片。
c) 从图片整体中去除一部分或添加一些虚构的部分，使对图片的解释发生改变。
d) 增强、模糊、移动图片的特定部分，使对图片的解释发生改变。
e) 改变所引用文献的本意，使其对己有利。
3.4 不当署名
不当署名的表现形式包括：
a) 将对论文所涉及的研究有实质性贡献的人排除在作者名单外。
b) 未对论文所涉及的研究有实质性贡献的人在论文中署名。
c) 未经他人同意擅自将其列入作者名单。
d) 作者排序与其对论文的实际贡献不符。
e) 提供虚假的作者职称、单位、学历、研究经历等信息。
3.5 其他学术不端行为
其他学术不端行为包括：
a) 在参考文献中加入实际未参考过的文献。
b) 将转引自其他文献的引文标注为直引，包括将引自译著的引文标注为引自原著。
c) 未以恰当的方式，对他人提供的研究经费、实验设备、材料、数据、思路、未公开的资料等，给予说明和承认（有特殊要求的除外）。
d) 不按约定向他人或社会泄露论文关键信息，侵犯投稿期刊的首发权。
e) 未经许可，使用需要获得许可的版权文献。
f) 使用多人共有版权文献时，未经所有版权者同意。
g) 经许可使用他人版权文献，却不加引注，或引用文献信息不完整。
h) 经许可使用他人版权文献，却超过了允许使用的范围或目的。
i) 在非匿名评审程序中干扰期刊编辑、审稿专家。
j) 向编辑推荐与自己有利益关系的审稿专家。
k) 委托第三方机构或者与论文内容无关的他人代写、代投、代修。
l) 违反保密规定发表论文。
4 审稿专家学术不端行为类型
4.1 违背学术道德的评审
论文评审中姑息学术不端的行为，或者依据非学术因素评审等，应界定为违背学术道德的评审。违背学术道德的评审的表现形式包括：
a) 对发现的稿件中的实际缺陷、学术不端行为视而不见。
b) 依据作者的国籍、性别、民族、身份地位、地域以及所属单位性质等非学术因素等，而非论文的科学价值、原创性和撰写质量以及与期刊范围和宗旨的相关性等，提出审稿意见。
4.2 干扰评审程序
故意拖延评审过程，或者以不正当方式影响发表决定，应界定为干扰评审程序。干扰评审程序的表现形式包括：
a) 无法完成评审却不及时拒绝评审或与期刊协商。
b) 不合理地拖延评审过程。
c) 在非匿名评审程序中不经期刊允许，直接与作者联系。
d) 私下影响编辑者，左右发表决定。
4.3 违反利益冲突规定
不公开或隐瞒与所评审论文的作者的利益关系，或者故意推荐与特定稿件存在利益关系的其他审稿专家等，应界定为违反利益冲突规定。违反利益冲突规定的表现形式包括：
a) 未按规定向编辑者说明可能会将自己排除出评审程序的利益冲突。
b) 向编辑者推荐与特定稿件存在可能或潜在利益冲突的其他审稿专家。
c) 不公平地评审存在利益冲突的作者的论文。
4.4 违反保密规定
擅自与他人分享、使用所审稿件内容，或者公开未发表稿件内容，应界定为违反保密规定。违反保密规定的表现形式包括：
a) 在评审程序之外与他人分享所审稿件内容。
b) 擅自公布未发表稿件内容或研究成果。
c) 擅自以与评审程序无关的目的使用所审稿件内容。
5 编辑者学术不端行为类型
5.1 违背学术和伦理标准提出编辑意见
不遵循学术和伦理标准、期刊宗旨提出编辑意见，应界定为违背学术和伦理标准提出编辑意见。违背学术和伦理标准提出编辑意见表现形式包括：
a) 基于非学术标准、超出期刊范围和宗旨提出编辑意见。
b) 无视或有意忽视期刊论文相关伦理要求提出编辑意见。
5.2 违反保密要求
在匿名评审中故意透露论文作者、审稿专家的相关信息，或者擅自透露、公开、使用所编辑稿件的内容，或者因不遵守相关规定致使稿件信息外泄，应界定为违反保密要求。违反保密要求的表现形式包括：
a) 在匿名评审中向审稿专家透露论文作者的相关信息。
b) 在匿名评审中向论文作者透露审稿专家的相关信息。
c) 在编辑程序之外与他人分享所编辑稿件内容。
d) 擅自公布未发表稿件内容或研究成果。
e) 擅自以与编辑程序无关的目的使用稿件内容。
f) 违背有关安全存放或销毁稿件和电子版稿件文档及相关内容的规定，致使信息外泄。
5.3 盗用稿件内容
擅自使用未发表稿件的内容，或者经许可使用未发表稿件内容却不加引注或说明，应界定为盗用稿件内容。盗用稿件内容的表现形式包括：
a) 未经论文作者许可，使用未发表稿件中的内容。
b) 经论文作者许可，却不加引注或说明地使用未发表稿件中的内容。
5.4 其他学术不端行为
其他学术不端行为包括：
a) 重大选题未按规定申报。
b) 未经著作权人许可发表其论文。
c) 对需要提供相关伦理审查材料的稿件，无视相关要求，不执行相关程序。
d) 刊登虚假或过时的期刊获奖信息、数据库收录信息等。
e) 随意添加与发表论文内容无关的期刊自引文献，或者要求、暗示作者非必要地引用特定文献。
f) 以提高影响因子为目的协议和实施期刊互引。
g) 故意歪曲作者原意修改稿件内容。
我们将会通过中国知网科技期刊学术不端文献检测系统对每篇稿件进行学术不端行为检测，文字复制比小于10%的稿件才能进入初审流程，以此减少学术不端行为，共同维护科研诚信和学术公平。
（本规范参考《中华人民共和国新闻出版行业标准——学术出版规范期刊学术不端行为界定》制定）
Definition of academic misconduct for China Dairy
1 Range
This standard defines the academic misconduct that may be involved by the authors, reviewers and editors of Smart Agriculture.
2 Terminologies and Definitions
The following terminologies and definitions apply to this standard.
Plagiarism: The views of others were improperly stolen.
Fabrication: The action of fabricating data or facts.
Falsification: The deliberate modification of data and facts to make them less authentic.
Inappropriate Authorship: The attribution or authorship behavior that does not correspond to the actual contribution to articles.
Multiple submissions: the act of submitting the same paper or multiple papers with minor differences to two or more journals, or transfer to other journals within the agreed time limit.
Overlapping publication: the act of repeatedly publishing the contents of the published literature without explanation.
3 Types of academic misconduct by authors
3.1 Plagiarism
3.1.1 Views plagiarism
The use of views from others without citation or explanation and publishing in one's own name shall be defined as plagiarism.
The forms of plagiarism include:
A) Directly using arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc., from other published literature without citation.
B) Using without changing its original intention to paraphrase other people's arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc.
C) Deleting part of other people's arguments, opinions and conclusions and use them without introduction.
D) Splitting or recombining the arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc. of others and use them without introduction.
E) Adding some content to others' arguments, opinions, conclusions, etc., and use it without introduction.
3.1.2 Data plagiarism
The use of data from published literature by others without citation or explanation and the publication in one's own name shall be defined as data plagiarism. The act of publishing data, images, research methods, written representations, etc., in one's own name.
The forms of data plagiarism include:
A) Directly using data from other published literature without citation.
B) Data from other published literature are slightly modified and used without citation.
C) Adding some data from other published literature and using it without citation.
D) The data from other published literatures are partially deleted and used without citation.
E) Changing the original order of the data in other published literatures and using it without citation.
F) Changing the presentation mode of data in other published literatures and using it without citation, such as converting charts into words, or converting text into charts.
3.1.3 Images plagiarism
The use of images in other published literatures without citation or explanation and the publication in one's own name shall be defined as plagiarism.
The forms of image plagiarism include:
A) Directly using images from other published literatures without citation or explanation.
B) Using images from other published literatures without citation or explanation after slighting modification.
C) Adding some contents to images in other published literatures and using them without citation or explanation.
D) Deleting some of the images from other published literatures and using them without citation or explanation.
E) Using the enhanced part of pictures in other published literatures without citation or explanation.
F) Using images in other published literatures to weaken part of the content without introduction or explanation.
3.1.4 Research (Experimental) Methods Plagiarism
The use of other person's original research (experimental) methods without citation or explanation, and publication in one's own name, shall be defined as plagiarism of research (experimental) methods.
The forms of examples of research (experimental) methods of plagiarism include:
A) Directly using original research (experimental) methods from other person's published literature without citation or explanation
B) Modifying some non-core elements of original research (experimental) methods in others' published literature and using them without citation or explanation.
3.1.5 Written Expression Plagiarism
The main body of an paper or a part of an paper over quoted or heavily quoted the contents of other published literatures and publish them in one's own name without citation.
The forms of written expression plagiarism include:
A) Directly using all or most of the published literatures of others.
B) Adding some contents to the published literature by others and publishing it in one's own name, such as adding data or adding new analysis.
C) Reducing all or most of the published literatures of others and publish it in one's own name.
D) Replacing the research objects in the published literatures of others and publish them in his own name.
E) Changing the structure and sequence of the published articles and publishing them in one's own name.
F) Recombining multiple published literatures of others into one paper for publication.
3.2 Fabrication
The forms of forgery include:
A) Fabricate data, pictures, etc. which are not obtained from actual investigation or experiment.
B) Forgery of samples that cannot be obtained again through repeated experiments, etc.
C) Fabricating research methods and conclusions that are not consistent with reality or cannot be verified repeatedly.
D) Fabricating materials, notes and references that can provide support for articles.
E) Fabricating funding sources for relevant research in the paper.
F) Fabricating information and comments of reviewers.
3.3 Falsification
The forms of falsifying include:
A) original investigation records and experimental data that have been modifying, selecting, deleting or adding without authorization, so as to change the original intention of investigation records and experimental data.
B) Splicing different images to construct unreal images.
C) Removing a part of the images from the whole or add some imaginary parts, so as to change the interpretation of the image.
D) Specific parts of the image are enhancing, blurring, moving, so as to change the interpretation of the image.
E) Changing the original intention of the cited literatures to its own advantage.
3.4 Inappropriate Authorship
The forms of inappropriate authorship include:
A) Excluding from the list of authors those who have made substantial contributions to the research involved in the article.
B) Those who have not made substantial contributions to the research involved in the article shall be named in the article.
C) Including someone on the author list without the consent of them.
D) The author ranking is inconsistent with the actual contribution to the article.
E) Providing false information such as the author's title, organization, educational background and research experience.
3.5 Other academic misconduct
Other academic misconduct includes:
A) Adding the actual unreferenced literature to the references.
B) Mark quotations from other literatures as direct quotations, including quotations from the original works.
C) Failure to explain and acknowledge in an appropriate manner the research funds, experimental equipment, materials, data, ideas, and unpublished information provided by others (except for special requirements).
D) Failure to disclose key information of the article to others or the society as agreed, thus infringing upon the right of publication of the journal.
E) Unauthorized use of licensed copyright literatures.
F) Without the permission of the copyright owner, if the copyright literautre is shared by more than one person.
G) Using other people's copyright literatures without citation or incomplete information of cited literature without permission.
H) The licensed use of other person's copyright literatures exceeds the permitted scope or purpose.
I) Interfering with journal editors and reviewers in non-anonymous review procedures.
J) Recommending reviewers to editors who have interests with authors.
K) Entrusting a third institutions to write, invest or repair the paper or other people irrelevant to the content of the paper.
L) Publishing articles in violation of confidentiality rules.
4 Types of Academic Misconduct of Reviewers
4.1 Review in Violation of Academic Ethics
The behavior of condoning academic misconduct or the evaluation based on non-academic factors should be defined as the evaluation that violates academic ethics.
The forms of reviewing in violation of academic ethics include:
A) Turning a blind eye to the actual defects and academic misconduct found in the manuscript.
B) Review opinions shall be based on non-academic factors such as the author's nationality, gender, nationality, status, region and the nature of his/her unit, rather than the scientific value, originality and writing quality of the article, as well as its relevance to the scope and purpose of the journal.
4.2 Interfere with Review Procedures
Deliberately delaying the review process or improperly affecting the publication decision shall be defined as interfering with the review process.
The forms of interference review include:
A)Failing to complete the review but fail to timely reject the review or negotiate with the journal.
B) Unreasonably prolonged the review process.
C) Contacting the author directly in the non-anonymous review process without the permission of the journal.
D) Privately influence editors and influence publication decisions.
4.3 Violation of Conflict of Interest Provisions
Failure to disclose or conceal the interest relationship with the author of the reviewed paper, or deliberate recommendation of other reviewers with interest relationship with a particular manuscript, shall be defined as violation of the provisions on conflict of interest.
The forms of the violation of the provisions of the conflict of interest include:
A) Failure to explain to the editors as required a conflict of interest that may exclude them from the review process.
B) Recommending to editors other reviewers who may or may not have a conflict of interest with a particular manuscript.
C) Unfairly reviewing articles of authors with conflicting interests.
4.4 Breach of Confidentiality Rules
Sharing or using the contents of the approved manuscript with others without authorization, or failing to publish the contents of the manuscript publicly, shall be defined as violation of confidentiality provisions.
The forms of breach of confidentiality include:
A) Sharing the contents of the submitted manuscript with others outside the review process.
B) Publishing contents of unpublished manuscripts or research results without authorization.
C) Unauthorized use of the contents of the reviewed manuscript for purposes unrelated to the review process.
5 Types of academic misconduct of editors
5.1 Put forward editorial opinions in violation of academic and ethical standards
The editorial opinions that do not follow the academic and ethical standards and the purpose of the journal should be defined as those that violate the academic and ethical standards.
The presentation of editorial opinions in violation of academic and ethical standards includes:
A) Providing editorial opinions based on non-academic standards and beyond the scope and purpose of the journal.
B) Ignoring the ethical requirements related to journal articles to provide editorial opinions.
5.2 Breach of Confidentiality Requirements
It shall be defined as violation of confidentiality requirements if the author or reviewer's information is intentionally disclosed in the anonymous review, or if the contents of the edited manuscript are disclosed, disclosed or used without authorization, or the manuscript information is disclosed due to non-compliance with relevant regulations.
The forms of breach of confidentiality include:
A) Disclosing the relevant information of the author of the paper to the reviewer in the anonymous review.
B) Disclosing the relevant information of the reviewer to the author in the anonymous review.
C) Sharing the contents of the edited manuscript with others outside the editing program.
D) Publishing contents of unpublished manuscripts or research results without authorization.
E) Unauthorized use of manuscript content for purposes unrelated to the editing program.
F) Violation of the regulations on the safe storage or destruction of manuscripts and electronic manuscript documents and related contents, resulting in the disclosure of information.
5.3 Misappropriation of Manuscript Contents
Unauthorized use of unpublished manuscript contents, or unauthorized use of unpublished manuscript contents without introduction or explanation, shall be defined as embezzlement of manuscript contents.
The forms of misappropriation include:
A) Using the contents of unpublished manuscripts without the permission of the author of the article.
B) Using the contents of an unpublished manuscript without citation or explanation, with the permission of the author of the article.
5.4 Other Academic Misconduct
Other academic misconduct includes:
A) Major topics have not been declared in accordance with the provisions.
B) Publishing papers without the permission of the copyright owner.
C) For manuscripts that need to provide relevant ethical review materials, relevant requirements are ignored and relevant procedures are not implemented.
D) Publishing false or outdated periodical award information, database information, etc.
E) Adding self-citation references of journals irrelevant to the published content of the paper at will, or require or suggest the author to cite specific literatures unnecessarily.
F) Protocol and implementation of journal mutual citation for the purpose of improving the impact factor.
G) Deliberately distorting the author's intention to modify the contents of the manuscript.
Remarks:
- This definitions refer to CY/T 174—2019 academic publishing specification—definition of academic misconduct.
- In case of any discrepancy between Chinese and English version, Chinese version shall prevail.
