奶牛夏季子宫炎发病情况和处理措施

doi:10.12377/1671-4393.25.06.17

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 奶牛夏季子宫炎是影响奶牛养殖业的重要繁殖障碍性疾病,其发病率和危害性在高温高湿环境下显著增加。夏季子宫炎主要由梭杆菌属、拟杆菌属、化脓隐秘杆菌和大肠杆菌等病原微生物感染引起,在热应激条件下,这些病原菌更易繁殖并侵袭子宫。发病机制涉及外源性感染、内源性感染和激素调节失衡3 个方面：分娩过程中病原体通过开放的子宫颈直接侵入;围产期代谢紊乱（如酮病、瘤胃酸中毒）导致肠道屏障破坏,病原体经血液循环迁移至子宫;产后雌激素水平骤降抑制免疫功能。临床表现为子宫内膜炎症和脓性恶露排出,可分为临床型子宫炎（CE）和亚临床型子宫炎（SE）,其中SE虽无症状但危害更大,可导致受孕率显著降低,部分研究显示降幅达50%以上。流行病学调查显示,初产奶牛发病率显著高于经产牛,其中胎衣不下、死胎和难产是主要诱因。在天津、陕西（陕南地区）、山东（内陆地区）、河南等夏季高温高湿地区,热应激导致奶牛采食量下降、免疫力减弱,加之病原菌繁殖活跃,子宫炎发病率较其他季节提高。防控措施应着重环境调控、营养管理和卫生防疫等方面。

关键词: 子宫炎, 饲养管理, 荷斯坦牛, 夏季

Abstract: Summer cow metritis is a major reproductive disorder in dairy farming,with its incidence and severity significantly increasing under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. The disease is primarily caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Fusobacterium spp.,Bacteroides spp.,Trueperella pyogenes and Escherichia coli,which proliferate more aggressively and invade the uterus under heat stress. The pathogenesis involves three key aspects：（1）exogenous infection,where pathogens directly invade through the open cervix during parturition;（2）endogenous infection,where metabolic disorders（e.g.,ketosis,ruminal acidosis）in the peripartum period compromise the intestinal barrier,allowing pathogens to migrate to the uterus via blood circulation;and（3）hormonal imbalance,where a sharp decline in postpartum estrogen levels suppresses immune function.Clinical manifestations include endometrial inflammation and purulent lochia discharge. The disease can be categorized into clinical endometritis （CE）and subclinical endometritis （SE）. While SE is asymptomatic,it poses greater harm,significantly reducing conception rates—some studies report a decline of over 50%. Epidemiological studies indicate that first-calving cows have a higher incidence than multiparous cows,with retained placenta,stillbirth,and dystocia being major contributing factors.In regions with hot and humid summers—such as Tianjin,southern Shaanxi,inland Shandong and Henan—heat stress reduces feed intak,weakens immunity,and promotes pathogen proliferation,leading to a higher incidence of metritis compared to other seasons. Prevention and control strategies should focus on environmental management,nutritional optimization and biosecurity measures.

Key words: metritis, herd management, Holstein cows, summer season

马飞, 曹梦哲, 杨利锋. 奶牛夏季子宫炎发病情况和处理措施[J]. 中国乳业, 2025, 0(6): 100-105.

MA Fei, CAO Mengzhe, YANG Lifeng. Incidence and Management of Summer Endometritis in Dairy Cows[J]. China Dairy, 2025, 0(6): 100-105.

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