牦牛营养调控与繁育效率提升研究

doi:10.12377/1671-4393.26.07.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 牦牛繁殖效率低下（发情率低、产犊间隔长）,严重制约牦牛乳产业奶源稳定供给。本文综述了营养调控对牦牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展。围产期精准补饲可有效缓解能量负平衡,使发情率由不足25%提升至70%以上,犊牛成活率提升20%;适宜能氮配比日粮可优化瘤胃发酵,为卵泡发育提供代谢基础;硒、锌、铜等微量元素通过抗氧化及激素合成通路改善卵母细胞质量与胚胎存活率;益生菌、植物提取物等功能性添加剂靶向调节繁殖激素分泌。结合季节性补饲与分群精准供给,产犊间隔可缩短至12 个月以内。未来应发展智能化个体饲喂技术,推动高原牦牛养殖向精准化转型,为牦牛乳产业提质增效提供支撑。

关键词: 牦牛, 营养调控, 繁殖效率, 泌乳性能, 精准饲养

Abstract: Low reproductive efficiency in yaks （characterized by low estrus rates and prolonged calving intervals） severely constrains the stable milk supply for the yak dairy industry. This paper reviews recent advances in nutritional regulation strategies to enhance reproductive performance in yaks. Precision supplementation during the peripartum period effectively alleviates negative energy balance,increasing estrus rates from below 25% to over 70% and improving calf survival rates by 20%. Diets with optimal energy-to-nitrogen ratios optimize rumen fermentation and provide a metabolic foundation for follicular development. Trace elements such as selenium,zinc,and copper improve oocyte quality and embryo survival through antioxidant and hormone synthesis pathways. Functional additives,including probiotics and plant extracts,exert targeted regulatory effects on reproductive hormone secretion. When combined with seasonal supplementation and group-specific precision feeding,calving intervals can be shortened to within 12 months. Future efforts should focus on developing intelligent individual feeding technologies to facilitate the transition of high-altitude yak farming toward precision management,thereby supporting quality and efficiency improvements in the yak dairy industry.

Key words: yak, nutritional regulation, reproductive efficiency, milk performance, precision feeding

赵平, 聂伟, 柴沙驼. 牦牛营养调控与繁育效率提升研究[J]. 中国乳业, 2026, 0(7): 63-69.

ZHAO Ping, NIE Wei, CHAI Shatuo. Research on Nutritional Regulation and Reproductive Efficiency Improvement in Yaks[J]. China Dairy, 2026, 0(7): 63-69.

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