营养-环境互作对牦牛繁殖性能的影响及调控机制

doi:10.12377/1671-4393.26.07.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在牦牛繁殖过程中,环境、营养、遗传等多种因素都会参与调控,其中高原极端环境与营养供给的季节性波动相互影响、相互作用,形成胁迫效应,对牦牛繁殖性能的限制最为明显。本研究系统梳理了能量、蛋白质等关键营养物质,与低氧、低温、季节性变化等高原极端环境因素的互作机制,详细分析了二者在牦牛发情启动、卵泡发育、排卵质量、受胎成功率、妊娠维持及犊牛存活等多个繁殖环节中的具体作用,深入探讨了下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（HPG轴）整合调控、氧化应激响应、表观遗传修饰及肠道微生物介导等内在生理与分子层面的调控路径,总结提出了季节性精准营养补充、环境应激缓解、繁殖技术集成及遗传选育优化等切实可行的调控策略,为牦牛繁殖性能的优化提升、牧区畜牧业高质量发展,提供科学的理论依据和实用的技术参考。

关键词: 牦牛, 繁殖性能, 营养调控, 环境互作, 高原应激, 调控机制, 肠道微生物, 表观遗传

Abstract: As a unique and rare livestock species in the pastoral regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,yaks not only have important meat and milk value,but also serve as the core source of livelihood for plateau herders.Their reproductive performance is directly related to the economic efficiency of animal husbandry in pastoral areas and also has an important impact on the sustainable development of this industry. The reproductive process of yaks is regulated by various factors such as environment,nutrition and heredity. Among them,the extreme plateau environment and the seasonal fluctuation of nutritional supply interact with each other, forming a stress effect that most obviously restricts the reproductive performance of yaks.This study systematically sorted out the interaction mechanisms between key nutrients such as energy and protein and extreme plateau environmental factors such as hypoxia, low temperature and seasonal changes,analyzed in detail the specific roles of the two in various reproductive links of yaks,including estrus initiation, follicular development,ovulation quality,conception success rate, pregnancy maintenance and calf survival,deeply explores the internal physiological and molecular regulatory pathways such as the integrated regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal （HPG） axis,oxidative stress response, epigenetic modification and gut microbiota mediation,and summarized and put forward practical regulatory strategies such as seasonal precision nutrition supplementation,environmental stress alleviation,integrated reproductive technologies and optimized genetic selection,hoping to provide scientific theoretical basis and practical technical reference for the optimization and improvement of yak reproductive performance and the high-quality development of animal husbandry in pastoral areas.

Key words: yak, reproductive performance, nutritional regulation, environment interaction, plateau stress, regulatory mechanism, gut microbiota, epigenetics

王春霞, 王鹏. 营养-环境互作对牦牛繁殖性能的影响及调控机制[J]. 中国乳业, 2026, 0(7): 55-62.

WANG Chunxia, WANG Peng. Effects of Nutrition-environment Interactions on Reproductive Performance in Yaks and Their Regulatory Mechanisms[J]. China Dairy, 2026, 0(7): 55-62.

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