中国乳业 ›› 2026, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (6): 75-82.doi: 10.12377/1671-4393.26.06.09

• 奶牛热应激繁殖管理专栏 • 上一篇    下一篇

热应激对奶牛早期胚胎存活的影响与机制

谷粟琨1, 朱庆利2, 赵善江2, 朱化彬2, 李志佳1, 潘兵1, 赵慧秋1,*   

  1. 1.河北省畜牧总站,河北石家庄 050035;
    2.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,北京 100193
  • 出版日期:2026-06-25 发布日期:2026-07-22
  • 通讯作者: *赵慧秋（1974-）,女,河北邯郸人,硕士,农业技术推广研究员,研究方向为奶牛繁殖与奶牛场智慧化。
  • 作者简介:谷粟琨（1980-）,女,河北宁晋人,本科,正高级兽医师,研究方向为奶牛养殖与疫病防治技术;朱庆利（1989-）,男,安徽固镇人,本科,畜牧师,研究方向为奶牛繁殖与胚胎工程;赵善江（1991-）,男,山东临沂人,博士,副研究员,研究方向为家畜胚胎工程与繁殖技术;朱化彬（1965-）,男,安徽固镇人,博士,研究员,研究方向为家畜胚胎工程与繁殖技术;李志佳（1984-）,男,河北深泽人,硕士,高级畜牧师,研究方向为奶牛养殖与智慧化管理;潘 兵（1972-）,男,山东莒南人,本科,高级畜牧师,研究方向为奶牛饲养管理技术。
  • 基金资助:
    河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目（HBCT2024230203）; 现代农业产业技术体系（CARS-36）; 家畜 胚胎工程与繁殖创新团队资助（ASTIP-IAS06-2016）

Impact and Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Survival of Early Embryos in Dairy Cows

GU Sukun1, ZHU Qingli2, ZHAO Shanjiang2, ZHU Huabin2, LI Zhijia1, PAN Bing1, ZHAO Huiqiu1,*   

  1. 1. Hebei Provincial Animal Husbandry Station,Shijiazhuang Hebei 050035;
    2. Institute of Animal Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193
  • Online:2026-06-25 Published:2026-07-22

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摘要： 热应激是影响夏季奶牛繁殖性能的重要环境因素,尤其对早期胚胎存活产生显著不利影响。本文系统综述了热应激对奶牛早期胚胎存活的影响及其作用机制。首先,介绍了奶牛热应激的衡量指标及其对繁殖性能的多方面损害,包括发情异常、受精率下降和胚胎死亡率升高等。其次,从母体和胚胎两个层面分析其机制：母体方面,热应激通过干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴功能、升高生殖道温度、改变子宫血流与子宫内膜分泌功能,影响胚胎发育微环境;胚胎方面,热应激可诱导卵母细胞老化、干扰胚胎基因组激活、诱发细胞凋亡及氧化还原失衡,其中胚胎发育阶段和基因型在耐受性差异中发挥关键作用。此外,本文还总结了生产中常用的干预措施,如同期排卵-定时输精、GnRH/hCG及孕酮补充等,以缓解热应激对胚胎存活的负面效应。本综述旨在为炎热季节提高奶牛繁殖效率提供理论参考与实践指导。

关键词: 热应激, 奶牛, 早期胚胎, 影响, 机制

Abstract: Heat stress is a critical environmental factor impairing reproductive performance in dairy cows during summer, with particularly detrimental effects on early embryonic survival. This review systematically summarized the impacts and underlying mechanisms of heat stress on early embryo survival in dairy cows. It begins by outlining the assessment indicators of heat stress and its multifaceted reproductive consequences, including abnormal estrus, reduced fertilization rates, and increased embryonic mortality. The mechanisms are then analyzed from both maternal and embryonic perspectives. On the maternal side, heat stress disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, elevates reproductive tract temperature, and alters uterine blood flow and endometrial secretory functions, thereby compromising the embryonic microenvironment. On the embryonic side, heat stress induces oocyte aging, interferes with embryonic genome activation, triggers apoptosis, and disturbs redox homeostasis, with embryonic stage and genotype playing key roles in differential thermotolerance. Furthermore, this review summarized commonly applied interventions in dairy production, such as timed ovulation-fixed-time insemination, GnRH/hCG administration, and progesterone supplementation, aimed at mitigating the negative effects of heat stress on embryo survival. This review aimed to provide both theoretical foundations and practical strategies for improving dairy cow reproductive performance during hot seasons.

Key words: heat stress, dairy cow, early embryos, impact, mechanisms

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