犊牛早期断奶与营养程序化饲养关键技术

doi:10.12377/1671-4393.26.09.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 犊牛培育是奶牛养殖产业链中的核心环节,其饲养管理水平直接影响牛群未来的生产性能与牧场的经济效益。在传统饲养模式下,犊牛哺乳期长、饲料转化效率低,且断奶应激常导致生长受阻与发病率升高,已成为规模牧场提质增效的重要瓶颈。早期断奶技术虽可缩短哺乳期、降低饲养成本,但断奶时机不当易引发营养摄入不足与瘤胃功能发育滞后等问题。营养程序化饲养理论强调在犊牛生长发育关键窗口期,通过精准调控日粮组成与饲喂策略,对机体代谢程序、器官发育及后续生产性能产生长期编程效应。本文综述了早期断奶的适宜时机与生理基础、营养程序化饲养的理论框架及其应用效果,重点分析了代乳粉配制、开食料诱食、瘤胃功能发育调控及应激管理等关键技术要点,探讨了营养程序化策略对犊牛成年后产奶性能与健康状态的远期影响,为规模牧场制定科学、精准的犊牛培育方案提供理论依据与实践参考。

关键词: 犊牛, 早期断奶, 营养程序化, 瘤胃发育, 代乳粉, 开食料, 生长性能

Abstract: Calf breeding is a core link in the dairy farming industry chain, and its feeding and management level directly affects the future production performance of the cattle herd and the economic benefits of the pasture. Under the traditional feeding mode, calves have a long lactation period, low feed conversion efficiency, and weaning stress often leads to growth obstruction and increased incidence rate, which has become an important bottleneck for improving the quality and efficiency of large-scale pastures. Although early weaning techniques can shorten the lactation period and reduce feeding costs, improper weaning timing can easily lead to problems such as insufficient nutrient intake and delayed rumen function development. The theory of nutritional program feeding emphasizes the long-term programming effect on the metabolic program, organ development, and subsequent production performance of calves through precise regulation of diet composition and feeding strategies during the critical window period of growth and development. This paper reviewed the appropriate timing and physiological basis for early weaning, the theoretical framework and application effects of nutritional program feeding, with a focus on analyzing key technical points such as formula formulation, feed induction, rumen function development regulation, and stress management. It explored the long-term effects of nutritional program strategies on the milk production performance and health status of calves in adulthood, providing theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of scientific and accurate calf breeding plans for large-scale ranches.

Key words: calf, early weaning, nutritional programming, rumen development, milk replacer powder, open food ingredients, growth performance

李玉芳. 犊牛早期断奶与营养程序化饲养关键技术[J]. 中国乳业, 2026, 0(9): 2-8.

LI Yufang. Key Technologies for Early Weaning and Nutritional Programmed Feeding of Calves[J]. China Dairy, 2026, 0(9): 2-8.

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